Tuesday, August 20, 2019
The Cold War :: essays research papers
1. Name of President- Harry S. Truman 2. Dates in Office- 1945-1952 3. Political Party- Democrat 4. Presidential Cold War Philosophy President Truman’s philosophy was to come to the defense of those countries in danger of Soviet takeover, but the US would not start a war with the Soviet Union. He also made alliances with Europe through NATO, which was a contrast to the past because from the time of Washington’s Farewell Address, Americans have strongly favored avoiding all foreign entanglements. He also was taken over by the paranoia created by the Red Scare because he ordered investigations of 3 million federal employees for â€Å"security risks.†5. Actions taken during presidency in regard to Cold War.      a. The Beginning of the Cold War- The end of World War II raised the issue of the shape of the      new world and what new political alliances would be formed. This would become the major      source of contention between the world’s leading political-economic system, capitalism and      communism. The American economy was growing more dependent on exports, while American      industry needed to import metals. This required open trade and friendly relations with those      nations that provided metal. With many economies in shambles, competition for the few healthy      economies became fierce. Germany, Japan, and Great Britain, who had been the strongest before      war had either been defeated or their influence was greatly reduced. The United States and the      Soviet Union became the world’s leading two powers, and they quickly became enemies.      b. The Truman Doctrine- After the Soviet Union had spread communism to Hungary      and Czechoslovakia, it threatened to take over Greece and Turkey. Truman was intent on      preventing this. The Truman Doctrine states that the US would support the free peoples who      were resisting the attempted subjugation of the Soviet Union. This was the cornerstone of a      larger policy called containment, which provided that while the US would not go to war with      the Soviet Union, it would come to the defense of countries in danger of Soviet takeover.      c. The Marshall Plan- This was a way to gain alliances. This plan sent more than $12 billion      to Europe to help rebuild its cities and economy. In return for that money, those countries      were expected to become American allies. It was offered to Eastern Europe, but no country      participated.      d. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)- This was a mutual defense alliance
Monday, August 19, 2019
einstein Essay -- essays research papers
He was the embodiment of pure intellect, the bumbling professor with the German accent, a comic clichà © in a thousand films. Instantly recognizable, like Charlie Chaplin's Little Tramp, Albert Einstein's shaggy-haired visage was as familiar to ordinary people as to the matrons who fluttered about him in salons from Berlin to Hollywood. Yet he was unfathomably profound  the genius among geniuses who discovered, merely by thinking about it, that the universe was not as it seemed. Even now scientists marvel at the daring of general relativity ("I still can't see how he thought of it," said the late Richard Feynman, no slouch himself). But the great physicist was also engagingly simple, trading ties and socks for mothy sweaters and sweatshirts. He tossed off pithy aphorisms ("Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it") and playful doggerel as easily as equations. Viewing the hoopla over him with humorous detachment, he variously referred to himself as the Jewish saint or artist's model. He was a cartoonist's dream come true. Much to his surprise, his ideas, like Darwin's, reverberated beyond science, influencing modern culture from painting to poetry. At first even many scientists didn't really grasp relativity, prompting Arthur Eddington's celebrated wisecrack (asked if it was true that only three people understood relativity, the witty British astrophysicist paused, then said, "I am trying to think who the third p... einstein Essay -- essays research papers He was the embodiment of pure intellect, the bumbling professor with the German accent, a comic clichà © in a thousand films. Instantly recognizable, like Charlie Chaplin's Little Tramp, Albert Einstein's shaggy-haired visage was as familiar to ordinary people as to the matrons who fluttered about him in salons from Berlin to Hollywood. Yet he was unfathomably profound  the genius among geniuses who discovered, merely by thinking about it, that the universe was not as it seemed. Even now scientists marvel at the daring of general relativity ("I still can't see how he thought of it," said the late Richard Feynman, no slouch himself). But the great physicist was also engagingly simple, trading ties and socks for mothy sweaters and sweatshirts. He tossed off pithy aphorisms ("Science is a wonderful thing if one does not have to earn one's living at it") and playful doggerel as easily as equations. Viewing the hoopla over him with humorous detachment, he variously referred to himself as the Jewish saint or artist's model. He was a cartoonist's dream come true. Much to his surprise, his ideas, like Darwin's, reverberated beyond science, influencing modern culture from painting to poetry. At first even many scientists didn't really grasp relativity, prompting Arthur Eddington's celebrated wisecrack (asked if it was true that only three people understood relativity, the witty British astrophysicist paused, then said, "I am trying to think who the third p...
Sunday, August 18, 2019
The Wife of Bath :: Essays Papers
The Wife of Bath In the "Wife of Bath's Prologue," she tells the other pilgrims that she has much experience since she has been married five times. She believes in experience rather than in writing. We can see this in the quotation: "Who painted the leon, tel me who? By God, if wommen hadden writen stories, As clerks han within hir oratories, They wolde had writen of men more wikkednesse Than al th merk of Adam may redresse." [Norton, 132] She is very upset about the painting of a man killing a lion. Her fifth husband always reads his book about wicked wives, and he amuses himself by telling her the stories; however, she doesn't like this. She is beautiful, powerful, energetic and relies on her experience, not on any writings or paintings. To highlight her strong and powerful appearance, she wears characteristic clothes. She puts strikingly big kerchiefs on her head, which seem to weigh about ten pounds, and she wears scarlet red stockings. She also wears a hat, and it is as broad as a buckler. Garters hold her red stockings, and her shoes are soft and new. There is a pair of sharpened spurs on her feet. This probably tells us that she has had many experiences with all husbands in her life. She wears a long wide skirt. Her face is as bold as her character is, fair complexioned, and red. On the journey, she walks slowly and sits down easily. Overall, she has been respectable throughout her life. Chaucer also describes her as being deaf in one ear with a gap tooth. It was very rare for a woman in the fourteenth century to travel as a pilgrim, talk about her experiences and thoughts in public and to be married five times. The Wife of Bath is an independent and powerful woman. She strongly believes in herself and in experience rather than in written authority, which are the texts written by men. She feels this way more after she marries her fifth husband. Her fifth husband always reads a book about wicked wives. He wants to control her; however, she doesn't like it. Therefore she takes a page out of his book that he always reads since the book affects him badly; then he hits her when he finds out about her disrespectful behavior. This is the reason for her deafness. She strongly believes she or women can write much better than men do.
Saturday, August 17, 2019
Propaganda in indoctrinating Nazi ideals Essay
The Nazi propaganda after the consolidation of power featured many of the common characteristics associated with totalitarian propaganda; Twisted truths, stereotypical and distorted pictures of populace groups, simple messages repeated frequently and the use of a common enemy as a scapegoat. Also the Nazi propaganda featured many new methods of indoctrination, such as the mass rally meetings and the extensive radio propaganda. But how successful where these ways in conveying and convincing people of Nazi ideals? That is the question which I plan to investigate in my essay. The propaganda campaign launched by the Nazi government was headed by the brilliant orator Joseph Goebbels which was put as Reich Minister for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda where he coordinated the seven different departments: administration and organization, propaganda, radio, press, films, theatre, and adult education. From the department Goebbels controlled all aspects of Nazi propaganda, and since he was such a skilful propagandist almost all parts of the propaganda campaign, especially the radio, became huge successes. Of all the medias available to Goebbels his unquestionable favourite was the radio- the peoples receiver. Goebbels wanted to ensure that every home in Germany was equipped with a â€Å"Volksempfà ¤nger†from which they could listen to propaganda at all times of day. Prices where slashed and in the late 1930 the Germans could boast having the cheapest radios in the world. Radios where even put up in working places and public areas to ensure a maximal amount of listeners. And due to the large effort put into the campaign it became one of the most successful, by 1940 16 million households in Germany listened to Nazi Propaganda via the radio. Another effective way of supplying propaganda to the German people, was ,in theory, by the use of the censored press. In the beginning the press remained relatively unchanged, propaganda message where inserted in some magazine and papers, but most of the press friendly towards the regime remained unchanged, at least in the beginning. Soon Nazis propaganda was found in every page in every paper and by 1945 the Nazis ran 82% of all the newspapers in print.
Friday, August 16, 2019
Ratio Analysis of Next Plc
Business Accounts – Assignment I Introduction Next plc is a retailer founded 1864 in the United Kingdom, that not only sells men’s, women’s and children’s wear but also has a home ware department. Their clothes wear are stylish but affordable. Throughout the United Kingdom and Ireland there are over 550 Next stores plus 50 franchises operating in Asia, Europe and The Middle East. This report will analyse and outline the company’s profitability, liquidity, solvency and investment potentials based on 15 ratios.All information is taken from the Next plc 2011 statement. Profitability and Performance The gross profit ratio indicates that Next plc was able to maintain their gross profit. It has decreased insignificantly by 0. 05%. In 2011 the revenue has increased by roughly 47 Million, hence the sales of costs increased proportionally to this. The reason for the increase could be either an introduction of a higher priced product line or merely a purchase of more goods. One reason could be that due to higher demands they had to stock up their inventories.This ratio indicates that the company was able to sustain the same level of costs in year 2011, but also that the trading department successfully negotiated better prices with suppliers. The operating margin has experienced an increase in numbers from 15. 55% to 16. 64%. It seems that Next plc found a way to control their costs more efficiently. On the income statement one can see that the administration costs and distribution costs have reduced. This could be due to cuts in wages or rent. In general, however, it can be said that Next plc improved their cost accounting.This could be an explanation for the increase in the operating margin ratio. The asset turnover ratio has fallen slightly by 0. 05. A reason for this could be slightly higher investments in fixed assets like plant or equipment. All in all though, they have managed to maintain leveraging their assets, but in future the y should try to use their existing assets more effectively. One can see that the return on capital employed ratio has experienced a growth of 3. 28%. Just as for the operating margin, a possible reason for this could be major cuts in administration expenses and distribution costs.This ratio indicates that the company has increased its efficiency at creating profits out of the money they have invested in and basically proves that Next plc knows how to use their funds successfully and control their costs effectively. In general, these ratios indicate that the profitability and performance of Next plc is very positive. Liquidity and Efficiency Liquidity ratios indicate how efficiently a company can pay off its short-term and long-term obligations. The inventory days have increased by 8 days. This shows that they keep hold of their stock for a longer period of time.It seems that the demand for their products has decreased. Trade receivables have increased by 2 days, which means that Nex t plc receives money from their customers slightly later than in year 2010. A possible reason for this is a general rise in unemployment and hence â€Å"limited growths of consumer credit†(Next Plc, 2011). However, receiving money from their customers later than before, the company has managed to pay back their creditors faster in 2011 than in 2010 (trade payable days have decreased by 2 days). This is likely to prove a higher efficiency of balancing costs and revenues on the company’s part.In a wider context approximately 80 days are a relatively long time to repay credits. This could on the one hand demonstrate the creditors’ trust in Next plc and their ability to pay back, but it is also possible that the company simply struggles to pay back credits any earlier. In this case though the trade payable days are probably high due to good negotiations of the purchase department with their suppliers. This assumption is based on the fact that Next Plc has a high am ount of cash. The current and quick ratios have slightly fallen.The current ratio is still above 1, meaning the company does not have any problems meeting their short-term obligations. A reason for this slight decline could be that there has been an increase in their short-term debt. In this case their current liabilities did actually increase. As long as the current ratio, which takes inventories into account, is higher than 1, they do not experience any problems repaying their short-term liabilities. However, the quick ratio is smaller than 1 and has marginally decreased in 2011. Due to this Next Plc might have problems paying off their short-term liabilities if sales decreases in the next years.In general though, they seem to have a rather good ability to generate cash and pay off their obligations. Solvency The gearing ratio seems to be immensely high. This could be due their major savings. It seems that they are buying their own shares back perhaps in order to save up for proje cts like reorganisations or investments. It has decreased by half from 2010 to 2011 probably because they reduced their non-current liabilities. High gearing is supposed to be risky and also results in paying higher interests. Their interest cover has risen by 2, possibly due to the fact that the interest figure has fallen by 1.This means they can pay off their interest roughly three times more than in the previous year. A possible reason for this could be a decline in interest. In general, Next’s interest payments seem to be very safe. They are generating enough revenues to meet interest expenses. Investors Ratios Investor ratios are usually used by investors in order to examine if it is worth investing their money in a company. They monitor these figures over years in order to make a â€Å"right†decision. The earnings per share ratio has increased from 188. 5p to 221. 9p.The reason for this is that the profit after tax has increased in 2011 and the number of ordinar y shares declined by 33. 4. This obliviously results in the earning per share being higher. A reason for the decline in numbers of ordinary shares could be that Next Plc bought back shares. The dividend yield has experienced a growth by 0. 46. This means that investors receive more money than in year 2010. A reason for this is that the current market has not changed over two years, the price remained stable. In 2011 the dividend cover has fallen slightly by 0. 26.A possible reason could be that they have decided to increase the dividends per share in relation to profit after tax. The price/earning ratio has experienced a decline by 0. 021. This shows that in 2011 investors receive their money back slightly quicker compared to 2010. This could be due the decline in numbers of shares; meaning Next Plc could afford to give out dividends faster. Economical position Debenhams plc is one of Next’s main competitors. It can be insightful to examine the economical state of relevant co mpetitors in order to judge a company’s success. Debenhams’ ROCE-ratio shows extremely lower figures than Next Plc. 010 the ROCE was 13. 94% and 2011 12. 34%. First of all, one can see that it has decreased in 2011 and compared to Next plc it is roughly 45% lower in both years. It is crucial to note here that Next plc increased their ROCE whereas Debenhams Plc’s decreased. This shows that Next plc is extremely more efficient in creating profits out of the money they have invested in. Based on the current ratio one can say that Debenhams plc would be struggling to pay off their short-term obligations since it is less than 1 whereas Next Plc would have no problems since theirs is above 1.The interest cover is also much lower compared to Next plc. However, Debenhams plc’s interest cover has increased by circa 3% it is still 17% lower than Next Plc’s. This indicates that Next plc either has greater profits or Debenhams plc has higher interests. All in all, it seems that Next plc was not badly affected by the recession compared to Debenhams plc. Conclusion In conclusion, it can be said that Next plc successfully managed to maintain and even reduce their costs and maximise their profit especially thanks to Next Directory, which has increased by 7. 1%.Although the economical environment is rather weak they could yet overcome these obstacles and make a profitable year in 2010 and even increase their profit in 2011. The general economic situation is likely to suffer from the worldwide consequences of the financial crisis as well as the European Euro crisis in particular. This means that Next plc has to find a way to become more competitive so as to maintain their high profits. For instance, they could invest in marketing to attract more customers and hence increase and sustain sales. The only ratio that they might have to worry slightly about is the quick ratio.But as long as they keep their sales up the current ratio does not seem to be any problem at all. All in all, most of the ratios indicate that Next plc is overall a successful growth company. They proved its competitiveness despite the economical decline in retail and in the consumer price index, which has decreased to 4. 2% from 5. 2%. Especially, when comparing Next plc to its main competitor one can see that they successfully kept their sales up. Generally, the ratios indicate that Next plc has a relatively strong and stable economic success, while controlling their costs effectively.All ratios, especially the dividend yield, prove that the company is a highly profitable company to invest in. Reference List http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-15344297 https://fame2. bvdep. com/version-2012113/Report. serv? _CID=63&context=2A6M7EI864H8BPQ&SeqNr=0 http://www. nextplc. co. uk/~/media/Files/N/Next-PLC/pdfs/reports-and-results/2010/2011-03-24a. pdf http://www. nextplc. co. uk/about-next/our-history. aspx http://www. nextplc. co. uk/about-next/business-ove rview. aspx http://www. retaileconomics. co. uk/outlook-for-the-uk-retail-sector-q3-2011/
A Maya Village: The Folk-Urban Continuum Essay
The â€Å"folk-urban continuum†model elaborated by Robert Redfield continues to reappear from time to time in various guises. The concept of the continuum has been attacked as being simplistic, and overgeneralized, not least because many geographers have detected village-type communities within large cities. Redfield’s speculations about what he saw as the significant changes from the folk to the urban end of the continuum are based on studies conducted in the Yucatan during the early 1930s. It’s essential elements focus on the fact that as a community moves from the folk to the urban end of the continuum, there occur shifts from cultural intimacy and organization to disorganization. Along with this there is collective or community orientation to individualization; and the sacred to the secular. Folk cultures are borne by small, closely-integrated social units or by aggregates of such units which have already worked out satisfactory mutual adjustments. Redfield characterized the folk societies he had been studying as traditional, spontaneous, and uncritical where men follow similar lifestyles. These patterns remain clear throughout the generations. In sum, the folk society holds its traditions to heart and doesn’t question their way of life. These lifestyles are practically sacred. In modern civilization, on the other hand, the small social units are being broken down, giving place to masses of individuals who are much more loosely interrelated than the members of the former local groups and classes. In modern civilizations, culture is being reduced. Our own civilization is simply a blend of differences which he must choose. The concepts of folk religion and folk belief–at least when filtered through Redfield’s categories–are descriptive anthropological categories meant to aid in the attempt to understand the conditions and development of certain kinds of society. In part, Redfield’s concept of folk or peasant culture was meant to provide an alternative to the division of societies into primitive and modern categories. The concept relied on a distinction between â€Å"an isolated primitive community, which has for context only that community and its local and immediate culture,†and the peasant community and its culture, where â€Å"the context is widened to include the elements of the great traditions that are or have been in interaction with what is local and immediate.†Folk beliefs referred to a body of belief and practice forming part of a community’s local knowledge. As a result, they tended to occupy a region close to the cosmology and common sense of the group, rather than the domain occupied by a consciously accepted creed. Redfield wants to look at cultural change, in the ways that varying degrees of contact with â€Å"civilization†differentially affects â€Å"folk culture†throughout the Yucatan. The Chan Kom study was the first step in a project funded by the Carnegie Institution to look at the question of culture change. The project was to begin by studying †a community where folk culture was complete†. This is Chan Kom. Then, for comparison, the study was to go on to look at â€Å"communities where that culture is in disorganization or conversion into something else†. Eventually, this project would encompass four towns and would place them in a â€Å"folk-urban continuum†.
Thursday, August 15, 2019
Apollo Theatre
Jose 1 Janelle Jose Professor Pappas AAS 254 16 April 2008 â€Å"Our Theater: The Hey Dey of the Apollo Theatre†Apollo was the Greek God of music, Poetry and the arts. His temple was at Delphi and was known to be a place of purification. There is a temple of a different that bears the name of the Greek god and its at 253 West 125th Street Harlem in New York City. The Apollo Theater would become as famous as the temple at Delphi. The Apollo Theaters home was in Harlem. Harlem is known worldwide as a major African-American cultural and business neighborhood.It wasn’t always the Harlem we know today. Harlem didn’t become an African American neighborhood until the Great Migration. During the first decade of the 20th century, Growing unemployment and increasing racial violence encouraged blacks to leave the South. The way they came up north was by working for northern manufacturers who had recruited the southern black workers to fill factory jobs. So from 1910 to 193 0 between 1. 5 million and 2 million African Americans left the South for the industrial cities of the North.By 1930 more than 200,000 blacks had moved to New York. As black communities in Northern cities grew, black working people became the patrons for an expanding black professional and business class, gaining in political and economic power. As more and more educated and socially conscious blacks settled in New York’s neighborhood of Harlem, it developed into the political and cultural center of black America. During the 1910s a Jose 2 new political agenda advocating racial equality arose in the African American community, particularly in its growing middle class.A black middle class had developed by the turn of the century, fostered by increased education and employment opportunities. There was something emerging in the midst of social and intellectual up rise in the African American community in the early 20th century. Harlem Renaissance was the name of the African Amer ican cultural movement of the 1920s and early 1930s that was centered in the Harlem. The Apollo Theater has been the most lasting legacy of the Harlem Renaissance. The Apollo grew to prominence during the Harlem Renaissance of the pre-World War II years.By the time the Apollo had open its doors the Harlem Renaissance was coming to a close. The Apollo Theater that we know today didn’t start out that way. It began as a all white music hall and burlesque theatre. It gained fame a Hurtig and Seamon’s Burlesque in the twenties and early thirties. The 125th street Apollo Theater didn’t open until January 1934. This is when they started showcasing black entertainment. The Apollo theatre was originally owned by Sidney Cohen. After Sydney S. Cohen's death, Morris Sussman and Frank Schiffman got together.Schiffman ran the Harlem Opera House and a merger between the two theaters was formed. Schiffman is credited with guiding the Apollo Theater to greatness. Schiffman's mot ivation for featuring black talent and entertainment was not only because the neighborhood had become black over a two hundred year period of gradual migration, but because black entertainers were cheaper to hire, and Schiffman could offer quality shows for reasonable rates. For many years Apollo was the only theater in New York City to hire black talent. Jose 3With black performers as the main entertainment in the Apollo came an important facet of American life that has been dominated by blacks. That is jazz. In jazz the black man stands supreme. The products of his creative energies are sought after by musicians and listeners of every background. Jazz didn’t start in the Apollo theatre. It didn’t start in Harlem either. The roots of jazz lie deep in the history of New Orleans, Kansas City, Chicago, and New York. The true ancestral roots are buried even deep in the music traditions of West Africa and Latin countries.But the Apollo was one of the places that provided a home and a receptive atmosphere in which jazz practitioners felt at ease, where their art could thrive and flourish. Although jazz was a true American genre of music it was formerly held in relatively low class by certain intellectual. Many believe the reason for the low appraisal of jazz’ value was made because most of the jazz practitioners were black and the critics were white. Although the Apollo Theater was essentially a black theater, the main interest was always in quality rather than color.Even though jazz was predominantly the creation of black musicians, the amount of interracial jazz was relatively small thought the history of early jazz. It wasn’t because of discrimination from the performers but rather the performers were keeping up with the climate of the times. Many white musicians were accepted with respect and affection by Apollo audience. The first show was called â€Å"Jazz a la Carte†. All the proceeds of this show were donated to the Harlem Children's Fresh Air Fund. Since then the Apollo Theater is known for starting careers of many music pioneers. In 1934, it introduced its regular Amateur Night shows.Billing itself as a place â€Å"where stars are born and legends are made,†the Apollo became famous for launching the careers of artists such as Ella Fitzgerald, Billie Holiday, James Brown, Diana Ross ; The Supremes, Gladys Knight ; The Pips, The Jackson 5, Patti LaBelle, Marvin Gaye, Luther Jose 4 Vandross, Stevie Wonder, Aretha Franklin, Ben E. King, Mariah Carey, The Isley Brothers, Lauryn Hill, and Sarah Vaughan. The Apollo also featured the performances of old-time vaudeville favorites like Tim Moore, Stepin Fetchit, Godfrey Cambridge, Dewey â€Å"Pigmeat†Markham, Moms Mabley, Marshall â€Å"Garbage†Rogers, and Johnny Lee.The Apollo didn’t only make careers but they also had big name artist. By the mid-thirties, the era of the big band was in full swing. Of all the personalities we ever played at the Apollo, none were as vibrant as Fats Waller. There was never any question about Fats playing the Apollo. It was a semi-annual engagement, which he never missed. The Luis Russell Band was a band that was put together to showcase the talent of Louis Armstrong. They played a 1937 engagement at the Apollo without Louis, who had left the band by then.They band did include clarinetist Barney Bigard, who later starred with Ellington; Big Sid Catlett, who also played with Hines, on drums; and trumpeter Henry â€Å"Red’ Allen. Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong are probably two of the most influential men in the history of jazz. Louis Armstrong played with them all because they all wanted to play with the master. In 1949, Louis’ band in an Apollo show included such legendary figures as trombonist and vocalist Jack Teagarden, drummer Cozy Cole, clarinetist Barney Bigard, pianist Earl Hines, and bassist Arvel Shaw.A jazz lover could only be at awe at this line up. Louis influences everyone, even the singers. Billie Holiday once spoke about how she wanted to sing exactly as Louis played his horn. The fun-loving genius had vocal trick of finishing his songs with â€Å"Oh Yeah†. In 1939 Duke Ellington played the Apollo. He had played there and at the Harlem Opera House and the Lafayette and, of course, was legendary figure at the old Cotton Club. He played the Apollo again, again, and again. He was one of the Jose 5 giants and one of the transcending figures in jazz history.You can’t talk about Duke Ellington musical genius without talking about the incredible number of compositions that he penned. Probably in the whole history of music no one has composed more songs the Ellington. There is said to be over two thousand songs. Women were also very popular in the Apollo Theater. Most of the women were singers, the major exceptions being pianists Mary Lou Williams and Hazel Scott. They were the International Sweethearts of Rhythm . Another talented jazzwoman was Blanche Calloway, sister of Cab Calloway.Although she frequently copied Cab’s style as a leader, she was a serious musician. Later Blanche ran a club in Washington and brought us Ruth Brown, who became a major Apollo attraction. In addition to introducing a vast number of rising stars, the Apollo quickly became a vital stop for any black entertainer, and virtually every major African American musical act performed there at least once as did several white acts, who often were booked because they were assumed to be black. The management maintained a policy of alternating live stage shows with B movies.The Apollo was the pinnacle of the â€Å"classic circuit†of venues including the Regal Theater in Chicago and the Howard Theater in Washington, D. C. that catered to African American audiences. As a show of respect for its legacy, the building was left untouched during the riots of the 1960s. In 1977 the shows were discontinued, and the the atre was operated as a movie theatre. A year later the building was closed. Purchased by investors in 1981, the Apollo received landmark status in 1983, was renovated, and was reopened to the public in 1985. | | | | | | | |
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